Literature, Business, and Social Change Paper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 401 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Analytics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Knowledge Essay Did you like this example? Literature, Business, and Social Change Paper Cheo Brown, Jenrrett Carter, Talina Hutton, Dominique Martinez ENG/120 September 20, 2010 Carissa Nelson ? Literature, Business, and Social Change Paper Change is an inevitable part of life. Problems arise as people define conditions as undesirable and in need of change (Macionis, 2010). Literature can help bring about change in society. The short story, In Service by Louisa May Alcott, the poem, Share Croppers by Langston Hughes, and the essay, Pablo Picasso: Living in His Own Shadow by Ellen Goodman explores changes within society that affects workers. People at different times in history, define different issues as problems. Once the problems are defined the old ways of doing things are replaced with new and improved ones. Learning new ways of doing things is good for both the workers and society. Literature helps bring about necessary changes in society by revealing problems, providing knowledge and offering approaches that help meet the changing demands of the workplace. Throughout history, poetry has been used as a vehicle for protest and expression (Fabillar, 2010). For this very reason, poetry is the best genre for appropriately addressing changes in the workplace. Share Croppers by Langston Hughes deals with inequalities in work. â€Å"When the cotton’s picked and the work is done, boss man takes the money and we get none† (Couglin, LaRocca Hughes, 1996). This shows that the share croppers are doing work but are not gaining any rewards for their efforts. It also states that they were left â€Å"ragged† and â€Å"hungry† as they previously were, indicating that things were not getting better for them. Year by year goes by and we are nothing more than a herd of Negroes† (Couglin, LaRocca Hughes, 1996). Here, the poem points out that as time goes by, they have nothing to look forward to. No one wants to be hungry or go without necessities. The poem sheds light on the injustices within society that existed surrounding the work environment of share croppers therefore prompting the change needed to end such arrangements. Literature can teach valuable lessons in life that can empower individuals and positively impact their lives and the lives. In Service by Louisa Alcott demonstrates how an individual can use knowledge that they have learned to bring about change. References Coughlin, J. La Rocca C. (1996). The Art of Work: An Anthology of Workplace Literature. L. M. Alcott, L. Hughes S. J. Perelman. Cincinnati: South-Western Educational. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Literature, Business, and Social Change Paper" essay for you Create order

Com200 w2 nonverbal communication codes - 918 Words

University of Phoenix Material Nonverbal Communication Codes 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? Why are you looking at me? Is the nonverbal message that I would take from the woman with the bad tan. 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? I believe the nonverbal message in this image is Affect Displays. A woman with an obvious bad tan seems as though she has a negative reaction to the gentleman that’s doing a double take, looking at her. Her facial expression has a look of irritation from the staring 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? It is hard to determine the effect on the other people that is in the image; however, I†¦show more content†¦1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? The cultural barriers in this image can be defined as business people who are possibly on their way to work on being a know it annoyed by a woman on her cell phone, not paying attention to where she’s going. 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? In this image, the people display a busy, business like image. The affect display can be displayed through their posture, and by putting little expression on their faces. It is almost as if it is a hostile rush to get where they’re going. 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? The nonverbal communication codes that can be displayed from this image is the Affect Display. 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? It seems as though the people in this image are annoyed by the woman was talking on her cell phone and not paying attention to where she’s going or having a very loud conversation. 5. What nonverbal communication

Warehouse Performance Measurement

Question: Discuss about theWarehouse Performance Measurement. Answer: Introduction The goal of undertaking warehouse performance measurement is to ensure that there is full customer satisfaction and that the culture of continuous improvement is sustained in a firm. Having established a proactive culture in any particular firm, discovery of potential issues before escalation to major issues will be realized. The concept of warehouse performance measurement is aligned with the goal of having proper staff training in the right places within a firm. In this present paper, Warehouse Performance measurement will be looked at with respect to measurement of certain metrics such as measuring reliability (that is fulfilment accuracy, fulfilment rates, and on-time delivery) and measuring flexibility in terms of clientele processing lead time and order cycle time. Background Information Of late, performance management has undergone some trends that have shaped the way people perceive it. New performance management trends are changing the dynamics in every organization. The operations and processes in every organization are becoming less admin-heavy and also much more efficient. Some companies are choosing to focus much on company goals instead of employee metrics. The older, data-based modes of evaluation have proven themselves ineffective. This document outlines some of the key performance measurements trends across the globe. Techniques of Improving Warehouse Performance Since the warehouse is always a busy place, the art of managing the physical movement of goods for the suppliers of the firm into the inventory and from the inventory of the firm out to the clientele requires proper planning and coordination. The better the functioning of these activities, the bigger the bulk of tasks and accomplishments can be realized in each singular day. The first practice the firm must ensure is to management the order release process. This is done by maximizing the bulk of orders that can be shipped accurately each day. Depending on the features of the software the firm uses, the warehousing department has to ensure that it is able of group the orders that can picked to specified characteristics; a factor that would also improve the speed of the entire process. It is imperative, as Aguinis (2009, p. 22) puts it, that the firm has to cross-train its staff for different kind of tasks. This can be done by communicating necessary changes in demand to the warehouse. Gaining Greater Control over Warehouse Inventory The evolution of warehouse performance can be said to have transformed since the colonial period and got even better after colonialism, the growth of the centralization and decentralization of warehousing has made it easier for the new generation and those who are willing to join warehousing as their profession to be better than before. It is now clear that decentralized system is one of the best ways to manage the most diverse and geographically widespread operations, but the process has remained the exception to the rule. For the warehouse system to be efficient then it will require the support of the top most management skills to be applied, the executives need the belief that the warehouse performance management is the best way to optimize the process of warehousing effectiveness. First, centralizing warehouse performance ensures that suppliers are able to deal with a central organization and are more likely to forge strategic partnerships. Centralizing warehouse performance can lead to better prices through volume discounts (Ponniah, 2001, p. 32). The centralizing aspect of warehouse performance is designed to heighten and facilitate the control initiatives that are set strategically and grounded on techniques systematically highlighted in achieving certain tasks that include significant objectives as well as the processes ordaining the achievement of the desired objectives. The comprehensive centralizing warehouse performance reviews heighten majorly on the predetermined objectives, facilitating the mechanism adopted to achieve substantive operational incentives towards the mission and vision of the organization. The centralizing of warehouse performance is a significant focuses as a management tool designed in strategically obtaining the desired framework through which the goals are performed under control procedures and guidelines for the merit of organizational incentives (Ponniah, 2001, p. 30). Reeves (2009, p. 33) contended that the centralizing warehousing to be the pattern of decisions which is incepted by the company to provide comprehensive guidelines as well as incentives to attain the desired organizational goals and objectives. The contentions describe the epistemological and pragmatic glitches attached to defining the warehouse performance management policies aided in marking the control procedures achievement and enhancing the firm competition as well as serving as a measure to subsidize the undersigned procedures. Warehouse performance capitalizes on the convincing structures that tend to conceptualize on the planning framework design in the policies of enhancing warehouse performance, that promotes the cooperate unit of the organization towards the desired goal and objectives. The major warehouse performance centralization process is initiated through the setup of the organizational aims and developing the evaluated strategies on the real incentives for achieving them as well as refining the strategies into the action plans. Steiner also emphasizes on the warehouse performance centralization as continuous management measures which substantiate descriptions of centralizing warehousing model defining the rational, systematic procedures subjected in aligning the decision-making initiatives (Karjalainen, 2003, p. 90). He identified three diverse warehouse centralization modes that include adaptive, entrepreneurial and planning. According to him, this particular publication even at the time pointed towards a move that was to intensify in the later years. A set of convictions and beliefs about how the organization conducts its daily business and the collective managers understanding is considered to be a key to successful planning. These particular values may ev en supersede the concerns for functional divisions. Karjalainen (2003, p. 88) explored the nature of centralizing warehouse performance and contrasted a so-called functional approach with the process approach. Karjalainen (2003, p. 90) pragmatically defined the aspect of centralizing warehouse performance as a pattern of planned and present resource deployment because this was an early invocation of collective planning and also resource-based strategy. Resource planning should be considered part of the centralizing warehouse performance for the vital reason of containing enough resources of plan execution. Reeves (2009, p. 40) asserted that the aspect of centralizing warehouse performance had failed even if it had been implemented. The idealized and rational links that existed between strategic thinking, strategic planning, and strategy implementation proved just that it was just ideal but not representative. Change in Warehouse Performance and Supply Function The creation of intangible assets in an organization cannot succeed without the presence of active participation together with engaged minds of suppliers, customers, employees, and individual citizens. The act of transforming information into knowledge followed by the creation of value from that knowledge forms the foundation of competitive advantage. The superb capability meant to create value from knowledge relies heavily on the existing relationships. In accordance with a firms warehouse performance policies, a new approach of managing relationships is imperative in an emerging economy since it permits a firm to create value creation from their immaterial resources. Research done by Moeller (2000, p. 50) demonstrates that 65% of corporate value is presently tied up in immaterial resources like representative innovativeness and duty, notoriety, long term organizations and brand value. Relationships are fundamental because they oversee elusive resources including the integration of others participation. Organizations, on their own, cannot create customer dependability, durable supply chain relationships, elevated amounts of development, or a positive notoriety. Making these elusive resources requires the dynamic investment in the minds of clients, representatives, suppliers, and individual residents. Changing data into learning, and after that creating value from that knowledge is the foundation of effective competitive advantage. The capacity to create value from information relies on upon connections. Warehouse Performance /Supply Chain Strategies For any warehousing firm, nonetheless, supply chain relationships remain an undiscovered asset, and at times even a risk. For better realization of goals, the management should invest rare energy and money related assets in attempt to control the conduct of accomplices, and when contract terms are not met, endeavoring to remediate the issue and resolve inescapable clashes. Overseeing supplier chain relationships in this 21st profoundly aggressive, turbulent economy requires fundamentally distinctive administration and management. To create competitive advantage and value addition, from supply chain connections, every firm dealing in warehousing activities should embrace another helpful, value-based way to deal with administration. In the current age, supply chain relationships are built on trust-based contracts implicit that are negotiated based on the various changing opportunities and demands. As a rule of thumb, supply chain levers should be used for warehousing functions since they are designed to offer genuine benefits for both the supplier and buyer. The concerned department personnel should improve the inventory and demand planning via giving their suppliers access to the key point-of-sale data. This is bound to realize effective demand profiles as compared to only having periodic signals that are often send to store buyers. In reciprocation, it enables suppliers to reduce their own finished products. It further paves way for smoother running of a firms production equipment and creating important cost savings that can be shareable between the firm and all their customers. To change arms-length, contract-based associations with suppliers and the companys management should first trust that long term connections will be useful for all that really matters. They should act morally and guarantee that their representatives likewise are straightforward and reasonable in their dealings with suppliers. They should continue in a more reliable manner to pull in and keep the best accomplices. They should likewise take an ideal opportunity to comprehend what their suppliers need and anticipate from the connections, offer data, and endeavor to stay faithful to their commitments (Richards, 2011, p. 36). Realizing competitive advantage starts with ensuring that all the resources have been put into place and that every measure of skills and competence attached to them. Any organization that intents to have a powerful supplier chain should integrate knowledge management into the people management framework. Sometimes, it is imperative that an organization does everythin g possible to enact a continuous learning amongst its employees, the middle management and above all, the senior management. All the workers attached to the warehousing management department have to work in conjunction with the laid-down rules that safeguard the functionalism of supply chain. Endeavors are centered on making open doors for common advantages instead of buffering or shielding a firm from the requests of partners. Relationship building is specifically connected to corporate qualities and business procedures. Given the vital quality allotted to the relationship-building capacity, workers are compensated for working together with the organization's center qualities and for distinguishing open doors that serve both the firm and its partners. Significantly, more imperative, it is a key reaction to the requests of a changing and turbulent economy in which a large portion of an organization's worth making resources are elusive (Moeller, 2000, p. 10). Recommendation for Solving the Risks and the Challenges The first recommendation given by this paper is that, a firm should employ the aspect of risk-based approach because it usually needs the customers or the suppliers to understand the entity and its environment initially so as to identify the risks that may result in a material misstatement of the financial report. In this particular approach, the shareholder or the supplier should be enabled to perform a proper assessment of those risks at both the financial report and the evaluation level because the assessment involves considering a number of factors such as the nature of the risks, the required level of audit evidence and the relevant internal controls. Using this particular technique will reduce and even solve the challenges that are usually in the centralization of warehousing. The second recommendation is that, the centralization of warehousing should be suitable to the ultimate limits of both the internal resources and also how those particular resources can be optimized with the external business environment. The aspect of centralizing warehousing does show the preferred direction in making the decision on resources allocation. The process usually starts with the desired end or the target business configuration and works backward to the present baseline status. In comparison with the aspect of decentralizing warehousing in any given firm, it focuses on narrowly defining interim objectives; the horizon of centralizing warehousing is future oriented, broader and more adaptable in its particular scope and implementation (Richards, 2011, p. 34). A formal centralizing warehousing plan must consist of a written plan that covers more than a year of actions or activities. The moment a firm is able to distinguish stakeholders and their varied significance, then it should consider how to establish proper communication with them, and the kind of message to pass to them. At the point when working closely with internal stakeholders, the firm has to ensure that every individual inside a team is clear about their responsibilities and duties. Inside PR this is frequently the purpose of week-after-week group gatherings. Bigger team meetings (frequently entire office gatherings) are utilized to perceive how all internal stakeholders are meeting more extensive points thus, you can pick up a comprehension of how shared assets are being used on a wider scope. Creating solid associations with internal stakeholders likewise expands the firms expert system, which will empower an employee of a firm all through their profession (Grant, 2001, p. 18). While there are sound good purposes behind organizations to grow long term, shared partner connections, in today's exceedingly focused, worldwide economy there exist solid business reasons. Indeed, the budgetary achievement of some socially capable organizations might be specifically identified with their partner situated service practices. While it appears like an utter detestation to business achievement, putting individuals in front of benefits in an information based, organized economy may serve as the only ticket to corporate productivity and manageability. In a firm, duties regarding different partner gatherings are still allocated to separate divisions. The advertising division within a firm manages client relations, the public relations office manages neighborhood associations, and public affairs manages the media. The management is mandated with the goal of finding out a way to safeguard the organization from the requests of different groups (Grant, 2003, p. 16). At the point when a firm builds up core collaborative relationships with the related stakeholder groups, it is comparable to the whole process which people usually undergo to experience, discover and create long lasting interpersonal connections (Grinsted, 2013, p. 45). Persevering connections depend on an establishment of regular qualities and history. Conclusions In conclusion, centralizing warehousing in a firm should be facilitated in a manner that would increase other diverse process-oriented strategy development concepts since it arose from heavy attack from diverse scholars that strive to eliminate its influences. Such critics are usually eliminated in a steady decline in publications on the prospect of centralizing warehousing. The ultimate reason for this aspect is that the way centralizing warehousing was practiced until then did not accord enough attention to the implementation of the strategy. Centralizing warehousing is vital for the business processes because the aspect embraces productivity and improves products quality. Reference List Aaker, D. A, and Mcloughlin, D. (2010). Strategic market management global perspectives, Chichester: Wiley. Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall. Grant, G. G. (2003).ERP data warehousing in organizations: Issues and challenges. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Frazelle, E. (2001). World-class warehousing and material handling. New York: McGraw-Hill. Karjalainen Katri. (2011). "Estimating the cost effects of purchasing centralizationEmpirical evidence from framework agreements in the public sector." Journal of Purchasing and supply Management, 17(2), 87-97. Moeller, R. A. (2000).Distributed data warehousing using Web technology: How to build a more cost-effective and flexible warehouse. New York: AMACOM. Ponniah, P. (2001).Data warehousing fundamentals: A comprehensive guide for IT professionals. New York: Wiley. Reeves, L. L. (2009).A manager's guide to data warehousing. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. Richards, G. (2011). Warehouse Management: A Complete Guide to Improving Efficiency and Minimizing costs in the Modern Warehouse. NewYork :Kogan Page Publisher. Richards, G., Grinsted, S. (2013).The logistics and supply chain toolkit: Over 90 tools for transport, warehousing and inventory management. London : Kogan Page. Richards Gwynne (2011). Performance Management in Warehouse Management. Oxford: Kogan Page Limited.

Sample of Product Proposal Essay Example

Sample of Product Proposal Paper The Personalized Arm Sleeve Is a sleeve made for athletes and teens who wants to say what they want to say whether In the court or In school. The sleeves design Is up to the customer, whatever he/she wants to put in it. It could be drawings, quotes, names of loved ones, or whatever they like, Just name it. Since the idea is still fresh, there are only few that are competing these days, international brands such as Nikkei and Ideas are top sellers. There are locals who re competing, having uniqueness with them, such as the tattoo arm sleeves. We personalize the sleeve for you to express yourselves, cheaper, An assessment of the domestic international market for the Idea: We are targeting the Dave market for the domestic market which is cheaper for us to introduce the product. We have also observed that more and more players are getting into this express yourself fad of today. As for the international market, its hard to tell having these big names in the larger scale of producing these things. There are many companies competing in the market and most of them are big companies such as Nikkei, Ideas, and Rebook. Response from the market is depending on the place or country and culture, there are countries where basketball or football Is not popular which makes products out of these kinds of sports wont sell. *since the idea is new to the market, there are still no statistics yet given by any research, we can only describe the overall industry, overall market, market segment, target market Overall Industry: Sporting Goods Overall Market: We will write a custom essay sample on Sample of Product Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sample of Product Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sample of Product Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sports Accessories Market Segment: Personalized Arm Sleeves Target Segments: Athletes and Students An assessment AT teen entrepreneur Ana teen team: This idea excites me because me myself is an athlete too, when I was in the varsity team, inspiration was our biggest motivation of winning, and my team-mates would even right the names of their loved ones on their shoes. On every game, coach would deliver an inspirational speech and ends it with a strong line. Since sleeves are a growing fad in the sporting world, and kids nowadays likes to express homeless on the things that they wear, we kind of hitched the fad and added some new materials in it. A discussion of the steps needed to make the idea basis for the viable business venture: We will have to find a supplier of cloths first, a tailor, and a printing shop. As for the designing of the sleeves, we think that we can handle it. The amount of sleeves to be produce depends on customer orders. For mass production, so far, we dont have the budget for that, but these depends on the outcome of what we will be doing now.

Chercher midi àquatorze heures

Chercher midi quatorze heures Expression: Chercher midi quatorze heures Pronunciation: [sher shay mi di a kah tor zeur] Meaning: to make something more complicated, make a mountain out of a molehill Literal translation:  to look for noon at two pm Register: normal Notes The French expression chercher midi quatorze heures is a quirky way of telling someone that s/he is making an issue more difficult than it needs to be- turning something simple into something complicated. You might use it to mean someone has lost perspective or has gotten so caught up in a project that s/he is overdoing it. The literal translation makes it seem more like youre trying to do something too late or to do something impossible, since of course at 2pm noon is long gone- but thats idiomatic language for you. Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest dà ©j parfait, je te dis- pourquoi cherches-tu midi quatorze heures  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Its already perfect, Im telling you- why are you making it more complicated? Humorous variation: chercher midi douze heures - to look for noon at twelve oclock

Concentrated Definition (Chemistry)

Concentrated Definition (Chemistry) In chemistry, concentrated refers to a relatively large quantity of substance present in a unit amount of a mixture. Usually, this means there is a lot of ​a  solute dissolved in a given solvent. A concentrated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved. Because solubility depends on temperature, a solution that is concentrated at one temperature may not be concentrated at a higher temperature. The term may also be used to compare two solutions, as in this one is more concentrated than that one. Examples of Concentrated Solutions 12 M HCl is more concentrated than 1 M HCl or 0.1 M HCl. 12 M hydrochloric acid is also called concentrated sulfuric acid because it contains a minimum amount of water. When you stir salt into water until no more dissolves, you make a concentrated saline solution. Similarly, adding sugar until no more dissolves produces a concentrated sugar solution. When Concentrated Becomes Confusing While the concept of concentration is straightforward when a solid solute is dissolved into a liquid solvent, it can be confusing when mixing gases or liquids because its less clear which substance is the solute and which is the solvent. Absolute alcohol is considered to be a concentrated alcohol solution because it contains a minimum amount of water. Oxygen gas is more concentrated in air than carbon dioxide gas. The concentration of both gases could be considered versus the total volume of air or with respect to the solvent gas, nitrogen.

Health facility maintenance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health facility maintenance - Coursework Example Wear and tear additionally reduces the usable life of machines and other medical equipment. Regular maintenance of medical equipment ensures that energy is conserved and that the equipment usable life is extended leading to optimal efficiency. Maintenance also allows defects to be detected early, thereby preventing emergency repairs that affect the smooth running of activities. Most Medical equipment is used to attend to people. Lack of maintenance can cause serious injuries to both the operators and the patients being attended to. Inadequacy in the hospital or medical equipment can cause more problems if not maintained regularly. For any avoidance of injury, it is of paramount importance that medical administration individuals ensure that equipment are maintained at the top most standards. In this regard, the hospital management can schedule regular maintenance checks for those machines that are seldom used, therefore keeping the machinery as good as new. Machinery maintenance is only one part of ensuring that accidents do not happen. On the other hand, staff members need to be trained on equipment safe work practices to avoid catastrophes. Having a machine working in the best condition is not enough. Individuals working on them need to know the best way of working with them to avoid wrongful

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus - Essay Example Sigmund Freud mentions that the repressed attraction may cause a form of psychodrama. This psychodrama has affected Hamlet to the point of losing his senses. Moreover, Hamlet had lost interest in his girlfriend Ophelia indicating that his sexual attraction had shifted to his mother. Sigmund Freud highlighted that sons attracted to their mothers do not seek for love from other members of the society. They have a conviction that their mother is the best. However, this does not happen consciously. The unconscious mind, which bears these thoughts, exerts influence on the conscious mind. Hamlet’s obsession with the issues surrounding his mother’s remarriage compelled him to leave Ophelia completely prompting her to commit suicide. The fact that Hamlet exhibited extreme anger towards his mother who had married Claudius, instead of focusing on the revenge mission, prompted Freud to see the effects of the Oedipus complex. Evidently, Sigmund Freud received criticism for his theo ry of the Oedipus complex. Many scholars focused on conducting psychoanalysis of the play after Freud associated what had happened to Oedipus with the mysteries surrounding the play Hamlet. The Oedipus complex is a repressed attraction in the unconscious mind. However, there are instances when it gets too strong and reveals itself. Boys are likely to be jealous of their fathers because of the repressed attraction. As highlighted above, both Hamlet and Oedipus depicted behaviors that served to ascertain that they were victims of the Oedipus complex.

Political philosophy Essay Example for Free

Political philosophy Essay Thomas Hobbes was born in Wiltshire, England on 5 April 1588 | birth_place = some sources say Malmesbury[2]). Born prematurely on April 5, 1588, when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada, Thomas Hobbes later reported that my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear. [3] His childhood is almost a complete blank, and his mothers name is unknown. [4] His father, also named Thomas, was the vicar of Charlton and Westport. Thomas Sr. abandoned his three children to the care of an older brother, Thomas juniors uncle Francis, when he was forced to flee to London after being involved in a fight with a clergyman outside his own church. Hobbes was educated at Westport church from the age of four, passed to the Malmesbury school and then to a private school kept by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate of the University of Oxford. Hobbes was a good pupil, and around 1603 he went up to Magdalen Hall, which is most closely related to Hertford College, Oxford. [5][6][7][8] The principal John Wilkinson was a Puritan, and he had some influence on Hobbes. At university, Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum; he was little attracted by the scholastic learning. He did not complete his B. A. degree until 1608, but he was recommended by Sir James Hussey, his master at Magdalen, as tutor to William, the son of William Cavendish, Baron of Hardwick (and later Earl of Devonshire), and began a life-long connection with that family. [9] Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and they both took part in a grand tour in 1610. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour in contrast to the scholastic philosophy which he had learned in Oxford. His scholarly efforts at the time were aimed at a careful study of classic Greek and Latin authors, the outcome of which was, in 1628, his great translation of Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War, the first translation of that work into English from a Greek manuscript. Although he associated with literary figures like Ben Jonson and thinkers such as Francis Bacon, he did not extend his efforts into philosophy until after 1629. His employer Cavendish, then the Earl of Devonshire, died of the plague in June 1628. The widowed countess dismissed Hobbes but he soon found work, again as a tutor, this time to the son of Sir Gervase Clifton. This task, chiefly spent in Paris, ended in 1631 when he again found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring the son of his previous pupil. Over the next seven years as well as tutoring he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy, awakening in him curiosity over key philosophic debates. He visited Florence in 1636 and later was a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne. From 1637 he considered himself a philosopher and scholar. In Paris Hobbess first area of study was an interest in the physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics. He went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. His scheme was first to work out, in a separate treatise, a systematic doctrine of body, showing how physical phenomena were universally explicable in terms of motion, at least as motion or mechanical action was then understood. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants. Then, in another treatise, he showed what specific bodily motions were involved in the production of the peculiar phenomena of sensation, knowledge, affections and passions whereby Man came into relation with Man. Finally he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if Men were not to fall back into brutishness and misery. Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body, Man, and the State. Hobbes came home, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a short treatise called The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic. It was not published and only circulated among his acquaintances in manuscript form. A pirated version, however, was published about ten years later. Although it seems that much of The Elements of Law was composed before the sitting of the Short Parliament, there are polemical pieces of the work that clearly mark the influences of the rising political crisis. Nevertheless, many (though not all) elements of Hobbess political thought were unchanged between The Elements of Law and Leviathan, which demonstrates that the events of the English Civil War had little effect on his contractarian methodology. It should be noted, however, that the arguments in Leviathan were modified from The Elements of Law when it came to the necessity of consent in creating political obligation. Namely, Hobbes wrote in The Elements of Law that Patrimonial kingdoms were not necessarily formed by the consent of the governed, while in Leviathan he argued that they were. This was perhaps a reflection either of Hobbess thoughts concerning the engagement controversy or of his reaction to treatises published by Patriarchalists, such as Sir Robert Filmer, between 1640 and 1651. When in November 1640 the Long Parliament succeeded the Short, Hobbes felt he was a marked man by the circulation of his treatise and fled to Paris. He did not return for eleven years. In Paris he rejoined the coterie about Mersenne, and wrote a critique of the Meditations on First Philosophy of Descartes, which was printed as third among the sets of Objections appended, with Replies from Descartes in 1641. A different set of remarks on other works by Descartes succeeded only in ending all correspondence between the two. Hobbes also extended his own works somewhat, working on the third section, De Cive, which was finished in November 1641. Although it was initially only circulated privately, it was well received, and included lines of argumentation to be repeated a decade later in the Leviathan. He then returned to hard work on the first two sections of his work and published little except for a short treatise on optics (Tractatus opticus) included in the collection of scientific tracts published by Mersenne as Cogitata physico-mathematica in 1644. He built a good reputation in philosophic circles and in 1645 was chosen with Descartes, Gilles de Roberval and others, to referee the controversy between John Pell and Longomontanus over the problem of squaring the circle. The Civil War in England The English Civil War broke out in 1642, and when the Royalist cause began to decline in the middle of 1644 there was an exodus of the kings supporters to Europe. Many came to Paris and were known to Hobbes. This revitalised Hobbess political interests and the De Cive was republished and more widely distributed. The printing began in 1646 by Samuel de Sorbiere through the Elsevier press at Amsterdam with a new preface and some new notes in reply to objections. In 1647, Hobbes was engaged as mathematical instructor to the young Charles, Prince of Wales,[10] who had come over from Jersey around July. This engagement lasted until 1648 when Charles went to Holland. The company of the exiled royalists led Hobbes to produce an English book to set forth his theory of civil government in relation to the political crisis resulting from the war. The State, it now seemed to Hobbes, might be regarded as a great artificial man or monster (Leviathan), composed of men, with a life that might be traced from its generation under pressure of human needs to its dissolution through civil strife proceeding from human passions. The work was closed with a general Review and Conclusion, in direct response to the war which raised the question of the subjects right to change allegiance when a former sovereigns power to protect was irrecoverably gone. Also he criticized religious doctrines on rationalistic grounds in the Commonwealth. Frontispiece from De Cive (1642) During the years of the composition of Leviathan he remained in or near Paris. In 1647 Hobbes was overtaken by a serious illness which disabled him for six months. On recovering from this near fatal disorder, he resumed his literary task, and carried it steadily forward to completion by the year 1650. Meanwhile, a translation of De Cive was being produced; there has been much scholarly disagreement over whether Hobbes translated the work himself or not. In 1650, a pirated edition of The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic was published. It was divided into two separate small volumes (Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie and De corpore politico, or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick). In 1651 the translation of De Cive was published under the title of Philosophicall Rudiments concerning Government and Society. Meanwhile, the printing of the greater work was proceeding, and finally it appeared about the middle of 1651, under the title of Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil, with a famous title-page engraving in which, from behind hills overlooking a landscape, there towered the body (above the waist) of a crowned giant, made up of tiny figures of human beings and bearing sword and crozier in the two hands. The work had immediate impact. Soon Hobbes was more lauded and decried than any other thinker of his time. However, the first effect of its publication was to sever his link with the exiled royalists, forcing him to appeal to the revolutionary English government for protection. The exiles might very well have killed him; the secularist spirit of his book greatly angered both Anglicans and French Catholics. Hobbes fled back home, arriving in London in the winter of 1651. Following his submission to the council of state he was allowed to subside into private life in Fetter Lane. Leviathan Main article: Leviathan (book) Frontispiece of Leviathan In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments based on social contract theories. Leviathan was written during the English Civil War; much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. Beginning from a mechanistic understanding of human beings and the passions, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition which he calls the state of nature. In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world. This inevitably leads to conflict, a war of all against all (bellum omnium contra omnes), and thus lives that are solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short (xiii). To escape this state of war, men in the state of nature accede to a social contract and establish a civil society. According to Hobbes, society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede their natural rights for the sake of protection. Any abuses of power by this authority are to be accepted as the price of peace. However, he also states that in severe cases of abuse, rebellion is expected. In particular, the doctrine of separation of powers is rejected:[11] the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers. Leviathan was also well-known for its radical religious views, which were often Hobbess attempt to reinterpret scripture from his materialist assumptions. His denial of incorporeal entities led him write, for example, that Heaven and Hell were places on Earth, and to take other positions out of sync with church teachings of his time. Much has been made of his religious views by scholars such as Richard Tuck and J. G. A. Pocock, but there is still widespread disagreement about the significance of Leviathans contents concerning religion. Many have taken the work to mean that Hobbes was an atheist, while others find the evidence for this position insufficient. Locke John Locke (pronounced /l? k/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and contributors to liberal theory. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. [1] Lockes theory of mind is often cited as the origin for modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the later works of philosophers such as David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa; that is, contrary to Cartesian or Christian philosophy, Locke maintained that people are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived by sense perception. [2] Contents[hide] * 1 Life * 1. 1 Epitaph * 2 Influence * 2. 1 Constitution of Carolina * 2. 2 Theory of value and property * 2. 3 Political theory * 2. 3. 1 Limits to accumulation * 2. 4 On price theory * 2. 4. 1 Monetary thoughts * 2. 5 The self * 3 List of major works * 3. 1 Major unpublished or posthumous manuscripts * 4 Secondary literature * 5 See also * 6 Notes * 7 Further reading * 8 External links * 8. 1 Works * 8. 2 Resources| Life Lockes father, who was also named John Locke, was a country lawyer and clerk to the Justices of the Peace in Chew Magna,[3] who had served as a captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces during the early part of the English Civil War. His mother, Agnes Keene, was a tanners daughter and reputed to be very beautiful. Both parents were Puritans. Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatched cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about twelve miles from Bristol. He was baptized the same day. Soon after Lockes birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton. In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigious Westminster School in London under the sponsorship of Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament and former commander of the younger Lockes father. After completing his studies there, he was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford. The dean of the college at the time was John Owen, vice-chancellor of the university. Although a capable student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time. He found the works of modern philosophers, such as Rene Descartes, more interesting than the classical material taught at the university. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School, Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other universities and in the English Royal Society, of which he eventually became a member. Locke was awarded a bachelors degree in 1656 and a masters degree in 1658. He obtained a bachelor of medicine in 1674, having studied medicine extensively during his time at Oxford and worked with such noted scientists and thinkers as Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, Robert Hooke and Richard Lower. In 1666, he met Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for a liver infection. Cooper was impressed with Locke and persuaded him to become part of his retinue. Locke had been looking for a career and in 1667 moved into Shaftesburys home at Exeter House in London, to serve as Lord Ashleys personal physician. In London, Locke resumed his medical studies under the tutelage of Thomas Sydenham. Sydenham had a major effect on Lockes natural philosophical thinking – an effect that would become evident in the An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Lockes medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesburys liver infection became life-threatening. Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental in persuading Shaftesbury to undergo an operation (then life-threatening itself) to remove the cyst. Shaftesbury survived and prospered, crediting Locke with saving his life. It was in Shaftesburys household, during 1671, that the meeting took place, described in the Epistle to the reader of the Essay, which was the genesis of what would later become the Essay. Two extant Drafts still survive from this period. It was also during this time that Locke served as Secretary of the Board of Trade and Plantations and Secretary to the Lords and Proprietors of the Carolinas, helping to shape his ideas on international trade and economics. Shaftesbury, as a founder of the Whig movement, exerted great influence on Lockes political ideas. Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor in 1672. Following Shaftesburys fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France. He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesburys political fortunes took a brief positive turn. Around this time, most likely at Shaftesburys prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the Two Treatises of Government. Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, but also to counter the absolutist political philosophy of Sir Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes. Though Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights and government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history. However, Locke fled to the Netherlands, Holland, in 1683, under strong suspicion of involvement in the Rye House Plot (though there is little evidence to suggest that he was directly involved in the scheme). In the Netherlands Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the Essay and composing the Letter on Toleration. Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution. Locke accompanied William of Oranges wife back to England in 1688. The bulk of Lockes publishing took place after his arrival back in England – his aforementioned Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the Two Treatises of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration all appearing in quick succession upon his return from exile. John Locke Lockes close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams country house in Essex. Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs. During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton. He died in 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver,[4] east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691. Locke never married nor had children. Events that happened during Lockes lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London. He did not quite see the Act of Union of 1707, though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime. Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Lockes time. Epitaph Original Latin: â€Å"| SISTE VIATOR Hic juxta situs est JOHANNES LOCKE. Si qualis fuerit rogas, mediocritate sua contentum se vixesse respondet. Literis innutritus eo usque tantum profecit, ut veritati unice litaret. Hoc ex scriptis illius disce, quae quod de eo reliquum est majori fide tibe exhibebunt, quam epitaphii suspecta elogia. Virtutes si quas habuit, minores sane quam sibi laudi duceret tibi in exemplum proponeret; vita una sepeliantur. Morum exemplum si squaeras in Evangelio habes: vitiorum utinam nusquam: mortalitatis certe (quod prosit) hic et ubique. 1632 Aug. 29Mortuum Anno Dom. 1704 Oct. 28Memorat haec tabula brevi et ipse interitura. | †| English Translation: â€Å"| STOP TRAVELLER Near this place lies JOHN LOCKE. If you are wondering what kind of man he was, he answers that he was contented with his modest lot. Bred a scholar, he made his learning subservient only to the cause of truth. You will learn this from his writings, which will show you everything about him more truthfully than the suspect praises of an epitaph. His virtues, if indeed he had any, were too slight to be lauded by him or to be an example to you. Let his vices be buried with him. Of virtue you have an example in the gospels, should you desire it; of vice would there were none for you; of mortality surely you have one here and everywhere, and may you learn from it. That he was born on the 29th of August in the year of our Lord 1632and that he died on the 28th of October in the year of our Lord 1704this tablet, which itself will soon perish, is a record. | †| Influence Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism. Michael Zuckert has in fact argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly separating the realms of Church and State. He had a strong influence on Voltaire who called him le sage Locke. His arguments concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other Founding Fathers of the United States. In fact, several passages from the Second Treatise are reproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, most notably the reference to a long train of abuses. Such was Lockes influence, Thomas Jefferson wrote; Bacon, Locke and Newton.. I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences. [5][6] Today, most contemporary libertarians claim Locke as an influence. But Lockes influence may have been even more profound in the realm of epistemology. Locke redefined subjectivity, or self, and intellectual historians such as Charles Taylor and Jerrold Seigel argue that Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) marks the beginning of the modern conception of the self. [7] Constitution of Carolina Appraisals of Locke have often been tied to appraisals of liberalism in general, and also to appraisals of the United States. Detractors note that (in 1671) he was a major investor in the English slave-trade through the Royal Africa Company, as well as through his participation in drafting the Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas while Shaftesburys secretary, which established a feudal aristocracy and gave a master absolute power over his slaves. They note that as a secretary to the Council of Trade and Plantations (1673-4) and a member of the Board of Trade (1696-1700) Locke was, in fact, one of just half a dozen men who created and supervised both the colonies and their iniquitous systems of servitude[8] Some see his statements on unenclosed property as having justified the displacement of the Native Americans. Because of his opposition to aristocracy and slavery in his major writings, he is accused of hypocrisy, or of caring only for the liberty of English capitalists. Theory of value and property. Locke uses the word property in both broad and narrow senses. In a broad sense, it covers a wide range of human interests and aspirations; more narrowly, it refers to material goods. He argues that property is a natural right and it is derived from labor. Locke believed that ownership of property is created by the application of labor. In addition, property precedes government and government cannot dispose of the estates of the subjects arbitrarily. Karl Marx later critiqued Lockes theory of property in his social theory. Political theory. See also: Two Treatises of Government Lockes political theory was founded on social contract theory. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of currency. In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his â€Å"Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions, basis for the phrase in America; Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. [9] Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society. However, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name[10] and may instead have been responding to other writers of the day. [11] Locke also advocated governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances. These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Constitution of the United States and its Declaration of Independence. Limits to accumulation Labor creates property, but it also does contain limits to its accumulation: man’s capacity to produce and man’s capacity to consume. According to Locke, unused property is waste and an offense against nature. However, with the introduction of â€Å"durable† goods, men could exchange their excessive perishable goods for goods that would last longer and thus not offend the natural law. The introduction of money marks the culmination of this process. Money makes possible the unlimited accumulation of property without causing waste through spoilage. He also includes gold or silver as money because they may be â€Å"hoarded up without injury to anyone,† since they do not spoil or decay in the hands of the possessor. The introduction of money eliminates the limits of accumulation. Locke stresses that inequality has come about by tacit agreement on the use of money, not by the social contract establishing civil society or the law of land regulating property. Locke is aware of a problem posed by unlimited accumulation but does not consider it his task. He just implies that government would function to moderate the conflict between the unlimited accumulation of property and a more nearly equal distribution of wealth and does not say which principles that government should apply to solve this problem. However, not all elements of his thought form a consistent whole. For example, labor theory of value of the Two Treatises of Government stands side by side with the demand-and-supply theory developed in a letter he wrote titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money. Moreover, Locke anchors property in labor but in the end upholds the unlimited accumulation of wealth. On price theory Locke’s general theory of value and price is a supply and demand theory, which was set out in a letter to a Member of Parliament in 1691, titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money. [12] Supply is quantity and demand is rent. â€Å"The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers. † and â€Å"that which regulates the price[of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent. † The quantity theory of money forms a special case of this general theory. His idea is based on â€Å"money answers all things† (Ecclesiastes) or â€Å"rent of money is always sufficient, or more than enough,† and â€Å"varies very little†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Regardless of whether the demand for money is unlimited or constant, Locke concludes that as far as money is concerned, the demand is exclusively regulated by its quantity. He also investigates the determinants of demand and supply. For supply, goods in general are considered valuable because they can be exchanged, consumed and they must be scarce. For demand, goods are in demand because they yield a flow of income. Locke develops an early theory of capitalization, such as land, which has value because â€Å"by its constant production of saleable commodities it brings in a certain yearly income. † Demand for money is almost the same as demand for goods or land; it depends on whether money is wanted as medium of exchange or as loanable funds. For medium of exchange â€Å"money is capable by exchange to procure us the necessaries or conveniences of life. † For loanable funds, â€Å"it comes to be of the same nature with land by yielding a certain yearly income †¦ or interest. † Monetary thoughts Locke distinguishes two functions of money, as a counter to measure value, and as a pledge to lay claim to goods. He believes that silver and gold, as opposed to paper money, are the appropriate currency for international transactions. Silver and gold, he says, are treated to have equal value by all of humanity and can thus be treated as a pledge by anyone, while the value of paper money is only valid under the government which issues it. Locke argues that a country should seek a favorable balance of trade, lest it fall behind other countries and suffer a loss in its trade. Since the world money stock grows constantly, a country must constantly seek to enlarge its own stock. Locke develops his theory of foreign exchanges, in addition to commodity movements, there are also movements in country stock of money, and movements of capital determine exchange rates. The latter is less significant and less volatile than commodity movements. As for a country’s money stock, if it is large relative to that of other countries, it will cause the country’s exchange to rise above par, as an export balance would do. He also prepares estimates of the cash requirements for different economic groups (landholders, laborers and brokers). In each group the cash requirements are closely related to the length of the pay period. He argues the brokers – middlemen – whose activities enlarge the monetary circuit and whose profits eat into the earnings of laborers and landholders, had a negative influence on both ones personal and the public economy that they supposedly contributed to. The self Locke defines the self as that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends. [13] He does not, however, ignore substance, writing that the body too goes to the making the man. [14] The Lockean self is therefore a self-aware and self-reflective consciousness that is fixed in a body. In his Essay, Locke explains the gradual unfolding of this conscious mind. Arguing against both the Augustinian view of man as originally sinful and the Cartesian position, which holds that man innately knows basic logical propositions, Locke posits an empty mind, a tabula rasa, which is shaped by experience; sensations and reflections being the two sources of all our ideas. [15] Lockes Some Thoughts Concerning Education is an outline on how to educate this mind: he expresses the belief that education maketh the man, or, more fundamentally, that the mind is an empty cabinet, with the statement, I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education. [16] Locke also wrote that the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very important and lasting consequences. [17] He argued that the associations of ideas that one makes when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self: they are, put differently, what first mark the tabula rasa. In his Essay, in which is introduced both of these concepts, Locke warns against, for example, letting a foolish maid convince a child that goblins and sprites are associated with the night for darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear the one than the other. [18] Associationism, as this theory would come to be called, exerted a powerful influence over eighteenth-century thought, particularly educational theory, as nearly every educational writer warned parents not to allow their children to develop negative associations. It also led to the development of psychology and other new disciplines with Dav.

Comparing the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Margaret Fuller Essays

Try as much as possible to be wholly alive, with all your might, and when you laugh, laugh like hell and when you get angry, get good and angry. Try to be alive. You will be dead soon enough. --William Saroyan Although this approach to living life may be humorous and simplistic, William Saroyan describes a common need of people to live wholly and experience life at its fullest. 'Carpe diem' is a phrase that is familiar to more than just Latin scholars. This need for fullness in one’s life also stems a need for completeness. At one time or another most people have experienced the desire to be ‘whole’ – to feel complete and well rounded. Children want to become adults as quickly as possible, students want to become better educated, and college graduates long to find that self-defining career all in the name of becoming a ‘complete’ person. Of course, this could be a reflection of a personal crisis as a graduating senior, but it nonetheless seems to be a universal longing. This longing for fullness and wholeness transcends time and is found in both Nathaniel Hawthorne and Margaret Fuller’s works, albeit in different ways. Summer on the Lakes was written during a period of hiatus and reflection in Fuller’s life. There is a sense of seeking and desiring new experiences that permeates this work, a need to experience new things in order to continually learn and grow as a person. Part of this desire could come from her views on the rights of women to be recognized as whole citizens and people in America in the nineteenth century; also imparted in her discourse is her longing for women to simply want more for themselves. In the following passage, Fuller describes the girls and women in an Oregon farming town. She lament... ...se of being in the process. By diminishing a complete person to parts, Hawthorne demonstrates that a whole sense of being is important and should not be destroyed. Both authors seem to be making statements on wholeness and attaining a sense of completeness in life. Fuller demonstrates this by wanting a sense of wholeness for individual people and by seeing beauty in nature in terms of fullness. Hawthorne shows the reader what can happen if you strip a person of their sense of being; a composite person should not be reduced to parts and destroyed. This theme of desiring wholeness defined by these nineteenth century authors, Fuller and Hawthorne, transcends time and appeals to readers today. As someone still searching for that sense of wholeness, it is reassuring and exciting to find literature that subtly examines personal journeys that are still experienced today.

Frederick Douglass Essay

In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave, Douglass describes the dehumanization of both slaves and slave owners. Many slaves were dehumanized by getting beat, raped and even killed. He has seen many horrid things like the incident with Denby’s death and how he had to fight over scraps of food. Douglass not only describes the dehumanization of the slaves, he also talks about how it also changed many of the slave owners that he had encountered. The first time Douglass sees the dehumanization of the slave owners was when he met Mrs. Auld. She had never owned a slave before so she treated him with respect and with kindness. At first, Mrs. Auld is described by Douglass as angelic, kind, and humble. She taught him the alphabet and how to read. Frederick said, â€Å"When I went there, she was a pious, warm, and tender-hearted woman. There was no sorrow or suffering for which she had not a tear. She had bread for the hungry, clothes for the naked, and comfort for every mourner that came within her reach.†(pg. 82) However, her husband scorned her for teaching a slave how to read. He influenced her with his corrupt mindset about treating slaves and changed Mrs. Auld from â€Å"Angelic† to â€Å"demonic† as Frederick described. He said, â€Å"Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. Under its influence, the tender heart became stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one of tiger-like fierceness.† This shows how immensely Mrs. Auld was changed just by her husband commanding her and telling her what was right in his mind. Once she discovered this new found power, that she has power over another human being, she used it to her advantage and went from being the nice lady that taught Douglass how to read to the lady that would punish him if she caught him reading. Another example of the dehumanization of the slave owners is Mr. Covey. He was a very religious man and was also nicknamed the â€Å"n****r breaker† because all the slaves that went to him, he emotionally broke, leaving their life even more depressing and gloomy. Mr. Covey was proud of his nickname and cared very much for his reputation. It says in the novel, â€Å"Added to the natural good qualities of Mr. Covey, he was a professor of religion — a pious soul — a member and a class-leader in the Methodist church.†(Pg. 101) Covey was devoted to religion and breaking his slaves to build on his reputation that he has. The dehumanizing part is that he likes what he does and how he beats the poor slaves. The novel states, â€Å"My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute!† this shows how cruel Mr. Covey is that he made Douglass â€Å"transform†. Everything that he learned went away, his slight sense of joy if there was any was now wiped away from him. Douglass also talks about the dehumanization of the slaves. Branching off from Mr. Covey, Many women slaves were dehumanized by being â€Å"baby machines.† Mr. Covey bought a women slave, Caroline, and her only job was to breed with another man which was Samuel Harrison which was a married man. This is very contradictory because Covey claims to be a man of god when he is doing things like this. Another example of the dehumanization of slaves was when Douglass and his mother were separated when he was born. The slave owners didn’t want them to gain affection with each other because they thought it would distract them from working. In the novel it says, â€Å"I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the light of day. She was with me in the night. She would lie down with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone.† This shows how his mother would walk all the way to another plantation just to see him at night when he was sleeping because she loved him very much. It was very dehumanizing when Douglass described what kind of food they had to eat, â€Å"We were not regularly allowanced. Our food was coarse corn meal boiled. This was called MUSH. It was put into a large wooden tray or trough, and set down upon the ground.† He later describes how the children were called to eat the mush like pigs and how they had to fight over the little they had. It was the survival of the fittest. As you can see, dehumanization had an effect on the slaves by destroying them physically and mentally, making them depressed and malnourished, and in some cases, dying. There were also effects on slave owners but not as bold as the ones slaves endured. Mrs. Auld went from being a nice, angelic lady who was nice to everyone and everything to cruel and punishing.

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McDonald’s Case Study ‘Beef Controversy’ Group 9: SaurabhJanwalkar -75 Dhvani Parekh- 89 Karan Savardekar – 103 Nikita Thakur – 113 SwapneelVaidya – 117 McDonald’s ‘Beef Fries’ Controversy McDonald's is the world's largest chain of hamburgerfast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries. Headquartered in the United States, the company began in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald. In 1948 they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using production line principles.McDonald’s was started as a drive in restaurant by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonald, in California. The business was generating US $200000 per annum in 1940’s. They introduced a new concept called self service and designed their kitchen for mass production with assembly line procedures. Prices were kept low; speed, service and cleanliness became the success factor s for business. The original mascot of McDonald's was a man with a chef's hat on top of a hamburger shaped head whose name was â€Å"Speedee†. Speedee was eventually replaced with Ronald McDonald by 1967 when the company first filed a U.S. trademark on a clown shaped man having puffed out costume legs. As word of their success spread, franchises started showing interest. Ray Kroc finalized a deal with McDonald brothers in 1954. He established a franchising company the McDonald System Inc and appointed franchises. By the end of 1960’s Kroc had established over 400 franchising outlets. In 1965 McDonald’s went public. By the end of 1970’s, McDonald’s had over 5000 restaurants with sales exceeding three billion US dollars. By 1998, McDonald was operating 25,000 restaurants in 116 countries, serving more than 15 billion customers annually.However controversies started erupting one after the other for the company. The biggest controversy was the McDonald ’s Beef Fries controversy. The lawsuit which was filed in Seattle, US alleged that the company had, for a decade, duped vegetarian customers into eating French fries that contained beef extracts. This issue caused a great furoreamong the customers. Q1. Analyse the various allegations levelled against McDonald’s before the French fries controversy. What perpetual processes contributed to so much hostility and criticism despite McDonald’s being the number one fast food chain in the world?McDonald’s has a long history of lawsuits being filed against it. It had been frequently accused of resorting to unfair and unethical business practices. Some of the allegations are as follows. * In the late 1990’s the company had to settle over 700 incidents of scalding coffee burns. McDonalds kept the coffee at 185 ° F which is 20 ° F hotter than the standard temperature at other restaurants. An 81 year woman suffered third degree burns on her lower body that r equired skin grafts and hospitalization for a week. After McDonalds dismissed her request for compensation for medical bills she filed a lawsuit against the company. Another case was filed by a woman who was permanently scarred by an extremely hot pickle slice in a hamburger. * A customer who found the crushed head of a rat inside his hamburger also filed a lawsuit. * Nutrition: It was alleged that Mc Donald’s sell high-fat, low fibre food which can cause diseases such as cancer, heart problems, obesity and diabetes. But McDonalds refuted the allegation saying that scientific evidence has never been conclusive and that it had a right to sell junk food just like chocolate or ice-cream manufacturers did. Environment: It has also been accused of destroying tropical forests to facilitate cattle ranching. * Advertising: It was alleged that the heavy advertising by McDonalds was exerting a negative influence on children and exploiting them. * Employment: McDonalds is accused of off ering low wages and forcing local food outlets out of the business. Charges of discrimination, curtailing workers rights, understaffing, few breaks, illegal hours, poor safety conditions, crushing unionization attempts, kitchens flooded with sewage and selling contaminated food were also leveled against the company. Animals: McDonald’s slaughters hundreds of thousands of cows, chickens, lambs and other animals per year. * Expansion:It was alleged that McDonalds was creating a globalized system in which wealth is drained out of the local economies into the hands of a very few rich elite. This resulted in self sufficient and sustainable farming being replaced by cash crops and agribusiness under control of multinationals. * Free speech:It has also been alleged that McDonalds uses its clout to influence media and legal powers to intimidate people into not speaking out against the company.These are the various allegations leveled against the company. Q2. Discuss the French Fries controversy and critically comment on the company’s stand that it had never claimed the fries were vegetarian. Do you think the company handled the controversy effectively from the point of management of rumour? The French fries controversy: In May 2001, a class action lawsuit was filed against McDonald’s in Seattle, US. The lawsuit alleged that McDonalds had duped vegetarian customers into eating French fries that contained beef extracts.The French fries served at McDonald’s were falsely promoted as being 100% vegetarian. The French fries controversy began in 2000 when a Hindu Jain software engineer Hitesh Shah based in US happened to read a news article which mentioned that the French fries at McDonalds contained beef. Shah sent an email to the customer service dept of McDonalds regarding the contents to which they replied that McDonald’s French fries suppliers use a miniscule amount of beef flavouring as an ingredient in the raw product.They also said that they follow the ‘Code of Federal Regulations’ and that beef was not listed as an ingredient because normally the ingredients in ‘natural flavors’ are not broken down. Then a popular Indian-American newspaper, West India, carried Shah’s story and the news created widespread outrage among Hindus and vegetarians in the US. McDonald’s immediately released a statement saying that they never claimed that the French fries were 100% vegetarian. They said that the fries were cooked in pure vegetable oil and the company never stated that the fries were appropriate for vegetarians.They also said that it was upto the customer to ask about the flavor and its source. Later the activists found a letter sent by the company’s corporate headquarters to a consumer in response to an inquiry about vegetarian menu items. The mail clearly bundled French fries along with garden salads, whole grain cereal and English muffins as a completely vegetarian item . Further it was reported that many McDonald’s employees repeatedly told customers that there was absolutely no meat product in the fries.The ‘beef fries’ controversy attained a greater dimension in India as 85% of the country’s population was vegetarian and the non-vegetarians also did not consume beef usually because Hindus consider cows to be holy and sacred. Meanwhile in June 2001, another class action lawsuit was filed in the District Court in Travis County, Austin, Texas on behalf of all Hindus in Texas, alleging that Hindu moral and religious principles had been violated by their unintentional consumption of French fries that were flavoured with beef.Later two more lawsuits were filed in Illinois and New Jersey, taking the number of cases to five. Our views: We do not think that McDonald’s handled the controversy effectively as: * They did not accept their mistake in the start and McDonald’s said that they had never proclaimed French f ries to be appropriate for vegetarians while their employees repeatedly told customers that there was absolutely no meat product in the fries. * Also they blamed their mistake on the customers by saying that the customers should have asked about the flavors and its source.This enraged the vegetarian customers further. * As the public outrage intensified, McDonald’s released its conditional apology on its website admitting that the recipe for the fries used a miniscule trace of beef flavoring. However they did not accept that they misled the customers and they were not truly apologetic of their actions. * They said that they were complying with the law in terms of disclosing their ingredients, but they should have gone beyond the law and should have paid attention to consumers who avoid certain food product for religious, ethical and health reasons. McDonalds’ paid 10 million US$ to vegetarian ,religious groups & various groups devoted to Hindus , Sikhs & children nutri tion which the Indian attorney Harish Bharti thought was insufficient in monetary terms. * They gave an unconditional apology on the company website, newspaper & various other publications. * Also McDonald’s decided to convene an advisory board to advice on vegetarian matters. Q3. Discuss the steps taken by McDonald’s to play down the French fries controversy and critically comment whether the company will be able to come out of this unscathed.The French fries controversy impacted the image of the McDonald’s badly because of this McDonald’s was facing losses & protests from various groups. Steps taken by Mc Donald’s to play down the French fries controversy * In March 2002, McDonald’s announced to pay 10 million US dollars to the religious groups in a proposed settlement. Around 60% of this payment went to vegetarian organizations and the rest to various groups devoted to Hindus and Sikhs, children’s nutrition and kosher dietary pract ices. * It also decided to pay 4000 US $ each to the 12 plaintiffs in the five lawsuits. They also gave a detailed apology on the company website, newspapers and in various other publications. * McDonald’s also decided to convene an advisory board to advice on vegetarian matters. * They apologized for their mistakes in the newspapers. McDonald’s acknowledged that after switching over to vegetable oil in the 1990’s for the purpose of reducing cholesterol, mistakes were made in communicating to the customers about the ingredients in French fries. They apologized for the miscommunication and the hardships caused to the customers. Our views:No, we do not think that McDonald’s would come out completely unscathed because: * The Company would lose the customers base whose sentiments have been hurt because of this controversy. * People will now think twice before going to McDonald’s even after the companies claim not to use beef oil in the fries because Mc Donald’s had made false promises earlier as well. * Also it was revealed that McCain Foods was still in the process of growing the appropriate potatoes and needed another 2 yrs to begin supply, therefore the French fries were being sourced from the US. The brand & ethics of the company have been dented because of this controversy which McDonald’s would take a long time to build back their image. But with all this McDonald’s also implemented some positive policies which will help them regain their brand image. * They set up an advisory board to advise on vegetarian matters * McDonald’s also developed a special menu for Indian customers taking into consideration Indian culture and religious sentiments. They maintained quality standards by rejecting Lamb Weston’s supply of partially fried French fries as they did not meet quality standards. Suggestions: * Can come up with pure veg. restaurants. * No beef oil should be used in the frying process. * Sep arate veg. kitchens from non-veg. restaurants. * Should maintain the quality standards * Give details about the menu i. e. ingredients on the company’s website. Employees should also be made aware about the ingredients in food.

Royal Pythons essays

Royal Pythons essays A massive Royal python rests quietly in almost perfect camouflage. To the untrained eye this snake could not be seen. As the serpent awaits a jackrabbit, it's "V"- shaped tongue is in constant motion, gathering important information. The rabbit moves closer-SNAP! In a flash the python strikes the rabbit across the head and face area. Within ten minutes the rabbit already begins to digest in the python's body cavity. The amazing thing is this python will be able to go several months without another meal. The Royal python or Python regius, which originated from the jungles of Africa, is one of the most fascinating snakes in the world. The Royal python is a very interesting and complex breed. First of all, the python does not have moveable eyelids, but a transparent area of the eye protects its cornea. Its eyes are directed laterally, which give them a very wide view. Royal pythons will detect the slightest movements in a large area, but with the inability to see detail of their prey at longer distances (Parker 28). This means if you are walking around the jungles in Africa a ten-foot python may mistaken you for an antelope. Snakes have rods and cones in their eyes, just like humans, but they lack the diversity of colored oil droplets. They do have color vision, but it is not as broad of a range as human's have (Osburn 1). "Experiments show that snakes cannot perceive most air-born sounds although they do respond to a restricted range of low frequency waves and to vibrations of the surface on which they rest" (Parker 29). When it comes to smelling, Royal pythons have an organ called a Jacobson's organ. This organ enables them to follow a scent trail. It consists of two saccular structures that rest in the python's mouth. Each sac communicates with the mouth by a short duct, which is a tubular passage through which a substance is conveyed (Morris 402). When a snake is active its tongue is almost in constant motion. ...

The Importance of the Ordeal in the Heros Journey

The Importance of the Ordeal in the Heros Journey The Ordeal is the critical moment in every story, a major source of magic in heroic myth, according to Christopher Vogler, author of The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure. The hero stands in the deepest chamber of the inmost cave and faces a direct confrontation with his greatest fear. No matter what the hero came for, it’s Death that now stares back at her. She is brought to the brink of death in a battle with a hostile force. The hero of every story is an initiate being introduced to the mysteries of life and death, Vogler writes. She must appear to die so she can be reborn, transformed. The ordeal is a major crisis in the story, but its not the climax, which happens closer to the end. The ordeal is usually the central event, the main event of the second act. A crisis, according to Webster’s, is when hostile forces are in the tensest state of opposition. The hero’s crisis, as frightening as it is, is the only way to victory, according to Vogler. Witnesses are an important part of the crisis. Someone close to the hero witnesses the hero’s apparent death and the reader experiences it through their point of view. Witnesses feel the pain of death, and when they realize the hero still lives, their grief, as well as the reader’s, suddenly, explosively, turns to joy, Vogler states. Readers Love to See Heroes Cheat Death Vogler writes that in any story, the writer is trying to lift the reader, raise their awareness, heighten their emotions. Good structure works as a pump on the reader’s emotions as the hero’s fortunes are raised and lowered. Emotions depressed by the presence of death can rebound in an instant to a higher state than before. Just as on a roller coaster, you’re hurled around until you think you might die, Vogler writes, and you get off elated that you’ve survived. Every story needs a hint of this experience or it’s missing its heart. The crisis, a halfway point, is a divide in the hero’s journey: the top of the mountain, the heart of the forest, the depth of the ocean, the most secret place in his soul. Everything in the trip has to lead up to this point, and everything after is about going home. There may be greater adventures to come, the most exciting even, but every journey has a center, a bottom or a peak somewhere near the middle. Nothing will ever be the same after the crisis. The most common ordeal is some sort of battle or confrontation with the opposing force, which usually represents the hero’s own shadow, according to Vogler. No matter how alien the villain’s values, in some way they are the dark reflection of the hero’s own desires, magnified and distorted, her greatest fears come to life. The unrecognized or rejected parts are acknowledged and made conscious despite all their struggles to remain in darkness. Death of the Ego The ordeal in myth signifies the death of the ego. The hero has soared above death and now sees the connectedness of all things. The hero has risked his life for the sake of the larger collective. The Wicked Witch is enraged that Dorothy and her friends have penetrated the inmost cave. She threatens each of them with death. She lights Scarecrow on fire. We feel the horror of his imminent death. Dorothy grabs a bucket of water to save him and ends up melting the witch. We watch her agonizing death instead. After a moment of being stunned, everyone is related, even the witch’s minions. This article is part of our series on the heros journey, starting with The Heros Journey Introduction and The Archetypes of the Heros Journey.

Management Control Systems and Decision-Making Strategy Essay

Management Control Systems and Decision-Making Strategy - Essay Example Kober, Ng and Paul (2007, p. 427) reveal that a corporate strategy is not constant but is subject to conditions like entry into new markets or acquisitions. However, changing strategy is subject to uncertainties and deviations from defined measures that only MCS mechanisms can overcome. Although addressing deviations from actual metrics involves using diagnostic controls, uncertainties require continued dialogue and debate amongst managers and between managers and subordinates, and facilitate development and consideration of new ideas and information. Such information and ideas generated from MCS are essential for informed decision-making(Kober, et al., 2007, p. 429). Consequently, Langfield-Smith (1997, p. 210) reveals that informed decisions form the basis for strategic management, which ranges from strategic formulation to implementation. Further, the role of strategy formulation is solely a managerial activity that is concerned with establishment of strategies while strategy impl ementation is concerned with the translation of the formed strategy into actions(Porter, 1990, p. 44). The management additionally ensures that all defined strategic actions have resources and administrative systems allocated to them. The formation strategy has to respond to expected reforms to seek differentiation from competitors and seek new markets(Kober, et al., 2007, p. 447). Although the strategy informed by MCS is essential for effective organizational management, the priorities of the strategy may be insufficient to acquire competitive advantage or high organizational performance(Chenhall & Langfield-Smith, 1998, p. 243).

Anthropology Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anthropology Final - Essay Example It aims at creating a concrete feeling of enjoyment for an audience, most commonly manifested in a physical display consisting of displays of pleasure including smiles and laughter.† 1 Another definition of humour, â€Å"is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement† 2 Not all people are talented enough to be humorous. Someone needs to be creative and imaginative. In this case, there is what we call â€Å"humour formula† Root components of humour are being reflective of or imitative of reality and surprise/misdirection, contradiction/paradox, ambiguity. Therefore, methods to create humour include hyperbole, metaphor, farce, reframing and timing. 3 Our society has evolved in different angles. We have learned from our parents, siblings and friends knowing which laughable jokes are and which are not. Sometimes when people are stressed from their work, when they laugh at jokes, it gives them a relaxing feeling, releasing stress. It is therefore healthy to laugh at jokes. But that is not the focus of my paper. I just want to make this paper an informative material to others who may be reading this in the future. I laughed and I learned humour. In our subject Anthropology 2040-1, I thought we will just study how to create jokes and learn the tricks of being a stand-up comedian. It was more of a deep understanding about the origins of humour and how Jewish people are important in the anthropological study of humour. But why did our forefathers like Plato, Socrates and others became curious about the elements of Humour. Who doesn’t want to hear jokes? Of course everyone does. But sometimes people became abusive of their sense of humour. Having a sense of humour is a great talent. It means that you can make everyone laugh, and sometimes people make money for this ability. In some television shows, competition is always present. So, instead of naming the person or show, they use jokes against thei r competitors. Especially if one T.V. show claimed they are number 1 in the ratings, others react and use other means to prove to people they are number 1 too. Humour is sometimes used by people who think they are more superior to the others. Like in schools, the usual scenes are some rich kids prank over poor kids, good looking students prank on not so good looking students. But how far is too far when it comes to humour? Honestly, we are influenced by our society when it comes to humour verbals and visuals. We selectively and consciously laugh at areas we found defects or we found out of the ordinary. Anything that is not perfect in our subconscious is not ordinary and therefore we can say, we laugh about it sometimes because it is not how we expect it should appear. According to Ted Cohen, when a joke involves logic running wild, the joke will present an absurdity – an absurdity in itself or an absurd response to a normal overture or a kind of doubling of absurdity. 4 Reli gious humour is by far the most controversial part of our modern society. Most of the readings about this concept points towards Jewish people. But before we go to Jewish people, let’s first understand why religion entails humour by defining religious

Case Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Analysis - Article Example I think public administration is an integrating science which means it consists of a number of several disciplines working as one, and as such, public administrators should be concerned mainly with theory and practice (Hamel & Breen, 2007). Therefore, I see public administration as a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific principles as evident in the case. Public administration is also concerned with human resource management which is an in-house structure that mainly functions to ensure that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner without favoritism. The basic functions of the HR system will include employee benefits and training of employees. Further, organizational theory in Public administration which is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars put into them. Administrative ethics in public administration serves as an approach to decision making. Additionally, policy analysis serves as a guide to decision making. More so, public budgeting is the activity within a government that allocates scarce resources among unlimited and varied demands. In this case, the main administrative principles such as openness and transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness reliability and predictability are missing because of biasness (Kumar & Sharma, 2000). I think, without public administration, the government cannot operate and manage own activities effectively and efficiently as required. The administration plays a vital and crucial role for delivering and distributing the public services to all corners of the country. Administration spreads all over the country for supplying the governmental and public goods and services up to the countryside from the urban centers and to rural areas. Public administration is very significant

Project Management and Life Cycle

Project Management and Life Cycle Introduction: Project: Project is a thing usually with very specific objectives. It is temporary, means it starts and end and it is some way unique, Roland and Bee (1998). Project Initiation: Project Life Cycle: Project life cycle consist of four steps Concept or Idea, Planning, Execution and Termination, Field and Keller (2007). Concept: In concept stage firstly we have to develop project agreement, analyze the requirements of the project and build up beginning project scope report, Burke (2003). Planning: Planning stage consist of developing project management plan, plan and define scope than creating Work Break Down structure, which means to distribute the work according to schedule to different workers. Further sequence activities, activity resources, activity duration, cost, plan cost budget are estimated. Planning for quality assurance, communications, risk management, purchases and acquisitions is done. Moreover human resource planning is done to complete the planning stage, Burke (2003). Execution: Project execution is managed in execution with performing the quality assurance, developing the project team and distributing the information. Further project work is controlled and managed, scope, schedule, cost, quality, risk is verified and control. Contracts and project team are managed, Burke (2003). Termination: Project is closed and it contracts are closed as well, Burke (2003). Project Manager: Project Manager is the person who is appointed to manage as specific project and it is expected from him to achieve the goal keeping in mind the project scope, schedule and budget, Richman (2002). Role and Responsibilities: Project Managers responsibilities include estimating and planning the project including the collection of data, keeping in mind that what is to be done exactly and how to organize it properly within schedule and budget, Field and Keller (2007). Assembling a team is also a role of project manager. The success or the failure of the project totally depends on the project team. A project manager should motivate his team, manage any problems between the team members and ensure good communication between them, Field and Keller (2007). Project Manager is responsible for the whole project so he is the spokesperson of the project and its his job to answer his heads, the clients and every other person who is having part in this project, Field and Keller (2007). This is project managers responsibility to make sure that all the equipments and tools are there which will be needed for the project completion. Project manager after start of the project manages all the work done, coordinating with th e team members and other staff, Field and Keller (2007). The changes due to any problem in the project are the role of project manager keeping in mind the budget and the schedule, Field and Keller (2007). Skills: There are some skills that a project manager should have like people skill. A project manager should have to skill to deal with people, how to handle them, how to motivate the employees and how to convince other people to make the project successful, Richman (2002). A project manager should be able to estimate the cost and able to make the budget plan. He should be able to perform audit reports, analyze progress information and able to plan and perform a project, Richman (2002). Project manager should have to knowledge of the organization which will help him to take decisions and achieve its task on time and within cost. He should also have technical and integration skills so that he can be able to understand anything provided by the civil engineer or other employee relating the project, Richman (2002). A project manager should be responsible, and he should have skills of accountability and authority, Richman (2002). Planning: Planning is a very important step of a project because the process of planning firstly establishes what have to be done and also helps in making it happen by smoothing the way, Burke (2003). Planning is everything about looking forward in time, Burke (2003). Work Breakdown Structure: It can be defined as a product oriented duty chain of command of all to be done to achieve the project objectives. The product can be anything documents, tests, reports or other, Rook (1991). In Work breakdown structure the work of the project is divided and further sub divided for management and control purpose, Turner (1993). Risk Management: For a project to be successfully completed management of risk is very necessary, because of this a manger gets a clear idea about the risks a project might face in the future, Field and Keller (2007). Risk management is the active process of identifying, assessing and responding to the project risk, to ensure that the company meets its objectives and the project is successful, Field and Keller (2007). Identify risk means to find out what type of risk a company might face during the project. Assessing involves the evaluation and estimation of levels of risks. Responding means to make precautions how to overcome these risks, Field and Keller (2007). Scheduling: Scheduling is one of the many important stages for a project manager. To ensure that the project finishes on time it is important to make a detailed schedule for every activity in the project and keep an eye on the process against this schedule, Field and Keller (2007). Gant Charts: Bar charts showing a schedule of activities are usually called Gant charts. Gant chart is very simple and effective and because of this it is an attractive way of conveying information about the timetable to the people concerned with the project, Field and Keller (2007). Network Diagram: Network Diagram is a visual illustration of the schedule of a project. It is useful in project management for tracking and planning the project from the start till the end. Critical path as well as the total float of the project is also presented in network diagram, Field and Keller (2007). Float is the extra time existing for an activity in addition to the duration estimated. A critical path is said to be a path with smallest amount of float, Field and Keller (2007). Managing Stakeholders: Stakeholders can be an individual or a group who have an interest in the project, they are affected by it and can influence its result, Field and Keller (2007). It is a part of project management to identify stakeholders, assess their interest in the project and with this information, try and mange relationships with such groups, Field and Keller (2007). Building Team and Assigning Tasks: People are the main source of any project. Success is achieved through people who work as a team, Field and Keller (2007). Project management is about working with people. Objectives, schedules, machines, plans are important but it is people who get things done, Field and Keller (2007). A manager should build a skilled team and assign them their tasks and make sure they get the point and than keep an eye on the teams progress, Field and Keller (2007). The work breakdown structure should be the basic framework for assigning responsibilities, Field and Keller (2007). Team Motivation: Team motivation is a very important task to be performed by the project manager. A motivated team performs its responsibilities more efficiently and within given time, Field and Keller (2007). A team can be motivated through many ways, some are under: Encourage and support. Give rewards, awards and bonuses. Promotional opportunities. Give responsibilities. Have a democratic system. Staff training, X-Factor Recreational opportunities. Maslows hierarchy of needs. Lead by example. Field and Keller (2007). Controlling: Project scope is defined, plan has been produced, the association has been set up, the assets have been allocated and the project has been approved. Now the project manager during the execution of the project has to keep in mind that the project is going according to the plan, the team is working as directed and the project is under estimated cost and time, Field and Keller (2007). Managing Initial Stages: The most important actions in start that a project manager should take are: Identify training needs and arrange workshops Arrange startup meetings with stakeholders. Get contract for work assurance from project staff. Setup the control change procedure. Agree to a timetable for monitoring and control reports and meetings. Field and Keller (2007). Monitoring and Controlling Cost: Project costs are usually measured through accounting systems in any business but projects managers usually setup their own system for monitoring and controlling achievements and project costs, Field and Keller (2007). The system is known as earned value system. It tells the manager the cost of work performed so far and in addition it also tells the value earned by the work, Field and Keller (2007). The earned value of the task completed on a project is the amount that was estimated and attached to that work when the project budget was described, Field and Keller (2007). Controlling cost is more difficult than monitoring the cost. It is very difficult to recommend how it should be done, Field and Keller (2007). Cost controlling is only about controlling future cost, its not about expenses done it the past. But it is helpful for a manager because he can decide through the future to control the price and try and keep it within the allowed budget. Maintaining the Schedule: Maintaining schedule includes updating the network of the project, tracking of milestone and usage of earned value curves, Field and Keller (2007). As the monitoring and controlling of cost is necessary in the same way maintaining the project schedule is also necessary to see that whether the tasks are completed late, on time or early, Field and Keller (2007). If the project is on or before time than no schedule changes are required but if the project is behind its schedule than the project manager needs to make some changes in the schedule to make sure that the project finishes on time, Field and Keller (2007). Maintaining Quality: Product quality is a powerful tool. Quality is to assure the client that the product will be every time produced to the required condition, Burke (1992). If the quality is not up to the mark than its a mangers job to make sure that the product meet its quality and control the quality. Its managers job to do the inspection of the products and take any needed steps to make sure that the quality of the product is up to the mark, Burke (1992). Termination of the Project: Project manager right from the beginning had in mind the target of successfully closing the project, Field and Keller (2007). The project manager tries his best to finish the project in good quality, within budget and schedule, Field and Keller (2007). There are many problems that might rise in the closure or termination of the project defined by Spirer (1983) as: Staff might have the fear of no future work which might lose interest in remaining task. It might also lose motivation of the staff in project delivering, team identity might be lost and this might cause diversion of effort, Spirer (1983). There is a possibility that clients may change their attitude, they might lose interest in the project and may change their personnel dealing with the project, Spirer (1983). There might be some internal and external problems that might be faced at the closure of the project like control of changes to project, closure of work orders and work packages, obtaining needed certifications and many more, Spirer (1983). Conclusion: As a project manager of this huge project I have presented in this report the steps needed to successfully complete this project on time, within budget and with quality standards. This project is a dream come true for me and following the steps provided above I will easily achieve my objectives and the project will be successful.